Question 1. Question : (TCO 1) A collection of social science methods applied systematically to generate knowledge about crime and justice phenomena is called ______________ .
scientific methodology
criminology
criminalistics
crime scene investigation
crime and justice research
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Question 2. Question : (TCO 1) What is the primary source of information on criminal victimization in the United States?
The Federal Bureau of Investigation
The National Crime Victimization Survey
The American Victimization Association
The National Department of Victims of Crime
The Department of Victimization
(textbook Chapter 1, p. 9)
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Question 3. Question : (TCO 1) Nonreactive research is _____________.
a method that involves the collection and reanalysis of existing quantitative data
a nonreactive method used to examine the content, or information and symbols, contained in written documents or other communication media
the unobtrusive collection of data that have usually been left behind by others
a method that uses a written questionnaire or formal interview to gather quantitative data on the backgrounds, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of a large number of people or agencies
a method in which the researcher engages the natural environment of their subjects and strives for an up close, personal, and highly detailed understanding of the research subject’s culture
(textbook Chapter 1, p. 17)
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Question 4. Question : (TCO 1) Ethnographic field research is ______________.
a method that involves the collection and reanalysis of existing quantitative data
a nonreactive method used to examine the content, or information and symbols, contained in written documents or other communication media
the unobtrusive collection of data that have usually been left behind by others
a method that uses a written questionnaire or formal interview to gather quantitative data on the backgrounds, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of a large number of people or agencies
a method in which the researcher engages the natural environment of their subjects and strives for an up close, personal, and highly detailed understanding of the research subject’s culture
(textbook Chapter 1, p. 18)
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Question 5. Question : (TCO 1) Personal experience knowledge is __________.
a basis of knowledge in which we rely on what someone in a position of authority says
a basis of knowledge in which we accept something as being true because of a long-running custom or belief
a basis of knowledge in which we rely on commonly accepted, ordinary reasoning
a basis of knowledge in which we rely on the medias construction of the truth, which often relies on claims made by politicians and government officials
a basis of knowledge in which we rely on our own lived experiences
(textbook Chapter 2, p. 42)
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Question 6. Question : (TCO 1) Overgeneralization occurs when we have _______________.
statements that go far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has
making observations in a way that simply reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a balanced and critical manner
making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards
allowing the prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color ones evaluations, rather than attempting to evaluate in a neutral, equal manner
(textbook Chapter 2, p. 43)
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Question 7. Question : (TCO 1) Making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards is called ________.
halo effect
premature closure
selective observation
overgeneralization
(textbook Chapter 2, p. 43)
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Question 8. Question : (TCO 1) The word data means ________________.
the empirical evidence or information that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures.
a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation
observations that people experience through the sensestouch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste
the scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit
(textbook Chapter 2, p.47)
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Question 9. Question : (TCO 1) A cohort study…
examines the same people over time with check-up points
examines different people at multiple times
examines a group of people at once
examines a different group of people with similar characteristics over time
examines a group of people over time
(textbook Chapter 2, p. 57)
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Question 10. Question : (TCO 1) A philosophical concept that asks how we know what we say we know, and what constitutes legitimate knowledge is called _______________.
determinism
falsification doctrine
replication
essentialism
epistemology
(textbook Chapter 3, p. 70)
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Question 11. Question : (TCO 1) Interpretive social science (ISS) can be traced to German sociologist ______.
Auguste Comte
Sigmund Freud
Sir Karl Popper
Karl Marx
Max Weber
(textbook Chapter 3, p. 74)
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Question 12. Question : (TCO 1) The idea that two seemingly contradictory elements or processes actually interact in a mutually transformative manner, with each transforming one another, is called
________________.
praxis
reification
mutually transformative process
dialectic relationship
bounded autonomy
(textbook Chapter 3, p. 79)
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Question 13. Question : (TCO 1) When we take our human constructions for granted to the point that they become invisible, rendering an unquestionable level of control over us, it is called _______.
praxis
reification
mutually transformative process
dialectic relationship
bounded autonomy
(textbook Chapter 3, p. 80)
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Question 14. Question : (TCO 1) A theoretical statement that specifies the relationship between two or more concepts (variables) is called ___________.
an independent variable
a dependent variable
variable
a typology
a proposition
(textbook Chapter 3, p. 95)
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Question 15. Question : (TCO 1) The co-occurrence of two events, characteristics, or factors such that when one is present, the other one is likely to be present as well, is called ____________.
a concept
an independent variable
a dependent variable
an association
an experimental variable
(textbook Chapter 3, p. 100)
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Question 16. Question : (TCO 2) Fraud that occurs when a researcher steals the ideas or writings of another or uses them without citing the source is called ___________.
loss of objectivity
scientific irresponsibility
research fraud
scientific misconduct
plagiarism
(textbook Chapter 4, p. 111)
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Question 17. Question : (TCO 2) A famous research study in which the researcher observed men engaging in sexual acts in a public bathroom, and then tracked them down a year later to conduct covert
interviews, is called _______________.
Zimbardo Prison Experiment
The Attica Study
Humphreys tearoom trade
Stanley Milgrams Experiment
Van Maanen Study
(textbook Chapter 4, p. 117)
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Question 18. Question : (TCO 2) ____________ is an ethical principle that people should never participate in research unless they explicitly and freely agree to participate.
Freedom of choice
Free will
Determinism
Voluntary consent
Informed consent
(textbook Chapter 4, p. 119)
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Question 19. Question : (TCO 2) The role that a field researcher adopts where he or she reveals that research is being conducted, but is vague about its details, is called __________.
shallow cover
sting operation
undercover operation
deep cover
secret research
(textbook Chapter 4, p. 120)
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Question 20. Question : (TCO 2) The ethical protection that participants remain nameless, their identity protected from disclosure and remains unknown, is called _________.
anonymity
secretiveness
protection
confidential
obscurity
(textbook Chapter 4, p. 122)
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Question 21. Question : (TCO 2) Academic periodicals that publish peer-reviewed research and essays usually found in college and university libraries are called ________.
magazines
Newsweek and Time
research books
scholarly journals
all of the above
(textbook Chapter 4, p. 131)
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Question 22. Question : (TCO 2) One of the following is not one of the four types of triangulation.
triangulation of method
triangulation of measures
triangulation of observers
triangulation of theory
triangulation of technique
147)
Question 23. Question : (TCO 2) Triangulation of measures is _________________.
getting different measures for the same experiment
taking multiple measures of a phenomenon
multiple observers of a phenomenon
viewing phenomenon from multiple theoretical lenses
147)
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Question 24. Question : (TCO 2) Quality research topics come to the researcher through _____________.
reading the literature
developing out theoretical filters
paying attention to current events
taking notice of problems that need to be solved
all of the above
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Question 25. Question : (TCO 2) An intervening variable is ___________________.
a concept that varies, or an empirical measure that can take on multiple values.
the categories or levels of a variable
a cause variable that produces an effect of results on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis
the effect or result variable that is caused by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis
a variable that comes between the independent and dependent variables and shows the link or causal mechanism between them
156)
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Question 26. Question : (TCO 2) An attribute is ____________________.
a concept that varies, or an empirical measure that can take on multiple values.
the categories or levels of a variable
a cause variable that produces an effect of results on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis
the effect or result variable that is caused by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis
a variable that comes between the independent and dependent variables and shows the link or causal mechanism between them
156)
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Question 27. Question : (TCO 2) If the researchs hypothesis is poverty affects the crime rate of a city, poverty is _________________.
a concept that does not vary
the categories or levels of a variable
a cause variable that produces an effect of results on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis
the effect or result variable that is caused by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis
a variable that comes between the independent and dependent variables and shows the link or causal mechanism between them
156)
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Question 28. Question : (TCO 2) A causal hypothesis is __________________.
a statement of a causal explanation or proposition that has at least one independent and one dependent variable, and has yet to be empirically tested
a hypothesis that states there is no significant effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable
a hypothesis paired with the null hypothesis with two independent variables in which it is unclear whether one or the other variable, or both in combination, produce an effect
a confusing and poorly designed hypothesis with two independent variables making it unclear whether one or the other variable, or both in combination, produce an effect
157)
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(TCO 4) The process of developing clear, rigorous, systematic conceptual definitions for abstract ideas/concepts is called _____________.
organization
logic
clarification
conceptualization
defining your terms
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 180)
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Question 2. Question : (TCO 4) The definition of a variable in terms of the specific actions to measure or indicate it in the empirical world is called _____________.
operational definition
operationalization
clarification
clear conceptualization
organization
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 183)
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Question 3. Question : (TCO 4) Equivalence reliability is ________________.
measurement reliability across time; a measure that yields consistent results at different time points, assuming that what is being measured does not change itself
measurement reliability across groups; a measure that yields consistent results for various social groups
measurement reliability across indicators; a measure that yields consistent results using different specific indicators, assuming that all measure the same construct
how well an empirical indicator and the conceptual definition of the construct that the indicator is suppose to measure fit together
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 188)
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Question 4. Question : (TCO 4) Face validity is ______________.
a type of measurement validity in which an indicator makes sense as a measure of a construct in the judgment of others, especially in the scientific community
measurement validity that requires that a measure represents all of the aspects of the conceptual definition of a construct
measurement validity that relies on some independent outside verification
a type of measurement validity that uses multiple indicators and has two indicators and two subtypes: how well indicators of one construct converge and how well indicators of different constructs diverge
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 190)
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Question 5. Question : (TCO 4) Criterion validity is ______________.
a type of measurement validity in which an indicator makes sense as a measure of a construct in the judgment of others, especially in the scientific community
measurement validity that requires that a measure represents all of the aspects of the conceptual definition of a construct
measurement validity that relies on some independent outside verification
a type of measurement validity that uses multiple indicators and has two indicators and two subtypes: how well indicators of one construct converge and how well indicators of different constructs diverge
a measure of validity that relies on a preexisting and already accepted measure to verify the indicator of a construct
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 191)
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Question 6. Question : (TCO 4) Convergent validity is _________________.
a type of measurement validity in which an indicator makes sense as a measure of a construct in the judgment of others, especially in the scientific community
a measurement validity that relies on the occurrence of a future event or behavior that is logically consistent to verify the indicator of a construct
measurement of validity that relies on some independent outside verification
a type of measurement validity for multiple indicators based on the idea that indicators of one construct will act alike or converge. (p. 191)
a measurement validity for multiple indicators based on the idea that indicators of different constructs diverge (p.191)
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 191)
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Question 7. Question : (TCO 4) An ordinal-level of measurement is __________________.
the lowest, least-precise level of measurements for which there is a difference in type only among the categories of variable
a level of measurement that identifies a difference among categories of a variable and allows the categories to be rank ordered as well
a level of measurement that identifies differences among variable attributes, rank categories, and measures distance between categories, but there is no true zero
the highest, most-precise level of measurement; variable attributes can be rank ordered, the distance between them precisely measured, and there is an absolute zero
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 195)
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Question 8. Question : (TCO 4) Variables measured on a continuum, in which an infinite number of finer gradations between variable attributes are possible, are called _____________.
independent variables
discrete variables
continuous variables
dependent variables
spurious variables
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 196)
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Question 9. Question : (TCO 4) Variables in which the attributes can be measured with only a limited number of distinct, separate categories are called ________________.
independent variables
discrete variables
continuous variables
dependent variables
spurious variables
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 196)
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Question 10. Question : (TCO 4) This is a scale often used in survey research in which people express attitudes or other responses in terms of ordinal-level categories that are ranked along a continuum.
Rates
Likert Scale
The Truth Scale
None of the above
(textbook Chapter 6, p. 202)
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Question 11. Question : (TCO 4) The abstract idea of a large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and to which results from a sample are generalized is called a ________.
group
small group
sample
population
sampling case
(textbook Chapter 7, p. 213)
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Question 12. Question : (TCO 4) The concretely specified large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and to which results from a sample are generalized is called __________.
sampling frame
target population
sample
population
sampling case
(textbook Chapter 7, p. 213)
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Question 13. Question : (TCO 4) How much a sample deviates from being representative of the population is called __________.
a sampling probability
a sampling error
a random sample
a population selection
random chance
(textbook Chapter 7, p. 214)
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Question 14. Question : (TCO 6) ________________ is a type of random sample that uses multiple stages and is often used to cover wide geographic areas in which aggregated units are randomly selected and
then samples are drawn from the sampled aggregated units, or clusters.
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
Confidence intervals
Sampling interval
Stratified sampling
(textbook Chapter 7, p. 219)
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Question 15. Question : (TCO 6) Cluster sampling is __________________________.
a random sample in which the researcher first identifies a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, divides the sampling frame by the categories, and then uses random selection to select cases from each category
a range of values, usually a little higher or lower than a specific value found in a sample, within which a researcher has a specified and high degree of confidence that the population’s parameters lie
the inverse of the sampling ration that is used when selecting cases in systematic sampling.
a random sample in which a researcher selects everykth (e. g., 12th) case in the sample frame using a sampling interval
a type of random sample that uses multiple stages and is often used to cover wide geographic areas in which aggregated units are randomly selected and then samples are drawn from the sampled aggregated units, or clusters
(textbook Chapter 7, p. 219)
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Question 16. Question : (TCO 6) Sequential sampling is ________________.
a nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of cases in each category.
a nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to-reach population
a nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects specific times, locations, or events to observe in order to develop a social theory or evaluate theoretical ideas
a nonrandom sample, especially used by qualitative researchers, in which a researcher selects unusual or nonconforming cases purposely as a way to provide greater insight into social processes or a setting
a nonrandom sample in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as possible, until time, financial resources, or his or her energy is exhausted, or until there is no new information or diversity from the cases
(textbook Chapter 7, p. 229)
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Question 17. Question : (TCO 6) The group that does not get the treatment in experimental research is called the ______.
testable group
experimental group
research group
non-treatment group
control group
(textbook Chapter 8, p. 237)
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Question 18. Question : (TCO 6) Interrupted time-series design is/are _________________.
an effect of two independent variables operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable. It is a larger effect than occurs from the sum of each
independent variable working separately
experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design. They can be substituted in situations in
which an experimenter cannot use all of the features of a classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity
an experimental design with only an experimental group and a posttest, no pretest.
pre-experimental design that has one group, a pretest, treatment, and a posttest. It lacks a control group and random assignment
an experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured periodically across many time points, and the treatment occurs in the midst of such measures, often
only once
(textbook Chapter 8, p. 250)
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Question 19. Question : (TCO 6) Pre-experimental designs is/are ___________________.
an effect of two independent variables operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable. It is a larger effect than occurs from the sum of each
independent variable working separately
experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design. They can be substituted in situations in
which an experimenter cannot use all of the features of a classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity
an experimental design with only an experimental group and a posttest, no pretest.
a pre-experimental design that has one group, a pretest, treatment, and a posttest. It lacks a control group and random assignment
an experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured periodically across many time points, and the treatment occurs in the midst of such measures, often
only once
(textbook Chapter 8, p. 249)
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Question 20. Question : (TCO 6) A threat to internal validity due to something that occurs and affects the dependent variable during an experiment, but that is unplanned and outside the control of the
experimenter, is called ________________ .
internal validity error
historical error
history effects
random error
spontaneous error
(textbook Chapter 8, p. 255)
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Question 21. Question : (TCO 6) A threat to internal validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have an impact on the dependent variable.
history effects
testing effects
time series effects
experimental effects
maturation effect
(textbook Chapter 8, p. 255)
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Question 22. Question : (TCO 6) The most widely use research technique in the social sciences is _________.
experiments
observational studies
record studies
participant observation
surveys
(textbook Chapter 9, p. 266)
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Question 23. Question : (TCO 6) When survey research respondents compress time when answering about past events, it is called ______________.
false memory
time questioning
memory failure
telescoping
time compression
(textbook Chapter 9, p. 279)
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Question 24. Question : (TCO 6) A type of survey research question in which respondents are free to offer any answer that they wish to the questions is called _______________.
a short answer
social desirability question
a close-ended question
a preliminary question
an open-ended question
(textbook Chapter 9, p. 281)
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Question 25. Question : (TCO 6) A quasi-filter question is _________________.
a survey research question in which respondents are first asked whether they have an opinion or know about a topic; then only those with an opinion or knowledge are asked a
specific question about the topic
a survey research question that includes the answer choice No Opinion, Unsure, or Dont Know
a type of survey research question in which the answer categories do not include a No Opinion or Dont Know option
all of the above
(textbook Chapter 9, p. 283)
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Question 26. Question : (TCO 6) A classical experimental design is _______________.
a type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variables simultaneously
an experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group
an experimental design used to examine whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect
an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to two control groups and two experimental groups
an experimental design that has all of the parts of the classical design except a pretest
(textbook Chapter 8, p. 245)
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Question 27. Question : (TCO 6) A factorial design is ____________________.
an experimental design that has all the parts of the classical design except a pretest
an experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group
an experimental design used to examine whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect
an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to two control groups and two experimental groups
a type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variables simultaneously
(textbook Chapter 8, p. 247)
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